![]() ![]() ![]() These trials, which collectively involved more than 100,000 participants, provide compelling rationale for expedient and widespread vaccination of the global population. Both vaccine types generate significant neutralizing antibody titres and virus-specific T cell responses as measured in blood 2–4 weeks post inoculation 5, 6. To date, results from the phase III clinical trials showed that both the Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) and Moderna (mRNA-1273) mRNA vaccines achieved 90–95% efficacy in protecting against COVID-19 (refs 1, 2), while the AdV vaccines (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Gam-COVID-vac (Sputnik V) showed protection at a slightly lower efficacy (average 70% and 91%, respectively) 3, 4. Both the mRNA and AdV vaccines encode production of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, which is the primary target for neutralizing antibodies generated from natural infection and for therapeutic monoclonal antibodies 1. ![]() The approved vaccines developed by Pfizer and Moderna use mRNA technology and lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems, while the approved formulations by AstraZeneca, Johnson and Johnson and Gam-COVID-vac (Sputnik V) contain DNA delivered within non-replicating recombinant adenovirus (AdV) vector systems 1, 2, 3, 4. Significant advances in cutting edge vaccine technologies over the past decade have resulted in two main types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines now being approved for emergency use - an unprecedented achievement in modern medical science. ![]()
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